《史记》西周共和以后及东周年表初探

A Primary Inquiry into the Chronology of Western Zhou after Gong-he Era and Eastern Zhou in Shiji

对《史记》“十二诸候年表”、１２“世家”和若干“本纪”的纪年与历日记载的分析表明：自西周共和以后及东周时期的纪年法，以次年王公纪年法为主流，当年王公纪年法为支流，并杂以若干非常规的王公纪年法；春秋时期其他诸侯国历法和鲁国历法大同小异，建正有建子、建丑之别；司马迁对这些纪年与历日的记述，是依据《春秋历谱谍》等可靠的史料作出的，其所构建的西周共和以后及东周年代，只有比例很小的失误，其整体是可靠的；西周共和元年是为公元前８４１年，可作为后计其后年代、前推其前年代的不可动摇的基本点。

Based on an analysis of years and dates record ed in “chronology of the twelve vassals”,the 12 biographies of dukes and some of the “basic annals” in Shiji ,this paper shows that after the Gong he E ra and throughout the Eastern Zhou,the main way of calculating the year of a c ertain king or vassal is to calculate from the one following the death of his predecessor,while the subsidiary way is to calculate from the very year the ol d king died,and on some occasions,irregular method is also adopted.During the Sp ring and Autumn Period,calendars used by other States are largely identical bu t with minor differences to that used in State Lu,and the first month of a year may be the one containing or after winter solstice.Sima Qian's account of thos e chronologies and calendar dates is based on reliable historical materials such as Chunqiu Lipu Die ,so the chronology of Western Zhou after the Gon g he Era and that of the Eastern Zhou reconstructed by him is reliable on the whole,with only very low rate of errors.The year 841 BC,the first year of th e Gong he period,is an unshakable base point for calculation of the years both after it and before it.