海战中对平民与战争受难者的保护

Protection of Civilians and Victims of War at Sea——from London Declaralion to San Ramo Manual

1994年的《圣雷莫手册》与 190 9年的《伦敦宣言》相距 85年 ,两者都是海战法文献 ,但有关保护平民与战争受难者的规定却大不相同。《伦敦宣言》只是规定了交战国在拿捕禁运品和行使摧毁权时有关保护平民和战争受难者的问题 ,因为该宣言只是为当时打算建立的国际捕获法院制定的一个适用于国际捕获审判的国际公约 ;而《圣雷莫手册》则全面地规定了在海战中对平民与战争受难者的保护问题。因为它吸收了迄今有效的所有关于在海战中保护平民与战争受难者的国际法规范。从对两者的分析可以看出 ,2 0世纪关于在海战中保护平民与战争受难者的国际法已经有了很大的发展。但是 ,《圣雷莫手册》有些规定在实战中难以执行 ,有些规定不够详细 ,而且缺乏对违法者的惩治机制 ,这些正是海战法今后发展的趋势。

Both of the documents on Law of War at Sea, London Declaration in 1909 and San Ramo Manual in 1994 which are 85 years apart, are far different on protection for civilians and victims of war . The London Declaration ,as an international agreement for international prize trial of the International prize Court which were planed to be established then,only provided the regu1ations about the protection of civilians and victims for belligerent parties taking their rights of capture and destruction. The San Ramo Manual imbibed almost all of the effective regulations of international law heretofore on protection of civilians and victims of war at sea, by which it can be recognized that the international law on protection of civilians and victims of war made great progress in 20th century. Meanwhile ,some regulations of the San Ramo Manual are hard to be implemented in war practice, and some of them are not particular enough or lack of punishing system,which show us the developing trend of the law of war at sea.