美国竞选财政制度初探

A Preliminary Study on the Financial System of Election Campaign in U.S.A.

美国竞选财政制度是美国政治制度中争议最多的问题之一。由于利益集团政策参与的需求和竞选人竞选的需要 ,美国的竞选捐赠日益加剧 ,捐赠规模日趋膨胀 ,并在一定程度上导致了决策过程中利益代表性的偏差。由此 ,美国早期的法律就对利益集团的竞选捐赠进行限制 ,2 0世纪 4 0年代以来 ,美国关于竞选财政制度改革的立法不断。但改革遇到利益需求和关于合宪性问题等种种障碍 ,步履维艰。美国政治中的这一两难状况是其政治体制所使然 ,有关竞选财政制度改革的争论仍将继续下去。

The financial system for election campaign has long been a contentious issue in the political system of U.S.A. The need of electioneering and interest groups' participation in policy making cause the donations for election campaign boom, the amount of each donation is increasingly high, and, inevitably, yield to a partiality in policy making for the interest groups. For this reason, the American code in early time had already set restrictions on the donations for election campaign. The U.S. Congress legislated uninterruptedly for the Reform of the financial system of election campaign since the 1940's. The Reform, however, met with difficulties from the need of financial support and the constitutionality. Such a dilemma in U.S. politics results from the U.S. political system itself. The debate of the Reform will continue.