传统历史话语的颠覆——福柯《知识考古学》的后现代历史观

Traditional Historical Discourse Subverted:An Analysis of Foucault's Postmodern Historical View in The Archaeology of Knowledge

福柯是后现代主义的重要代表。《知识考古学》比较集中的阐述了他的后现代历史观。他拒绝传统实在论的历史客观性 ,认为历史客观性只是话语建构而成的 ,不存在跨知识型的客观性 ,只能在特定的知识型或认识阈中谈论它才有意义 ;历史主体只是一个变项 ,或者说是一个陈述变项的整体派生出来的功能和可能的位置的游戏而已。传统线性连续的和进步的历史观是在现代知识型这种特定的框架中 ,将充满断裂、歧义、分岔的历史重新装配成的神话。

Michel Foucault, one of the key figures of postmodernism, expounds his postmodern historical view in The Archaeology of Knowledge. He objects the objectivity of history that traditional realism emphasizes. The objectivity of history, in his opinion, is the result of construction by discourses and there is no such thing as objectivity across different types of knowledge. Any discussion of objectivity is meaningless unless it is done within a specific type of knowledge or epistemic domain. The subjects of history are just one variable or function, derived from the whole of statements, and a game of possible positions. The traditional historical view that history progressed in a lineal, continuous manner, is nothing but a myth out of reassembling of pieces of history characterized by discontinuity, ambiguity, and diversion in the peculiar framework of modern type of knowledge.