帝俄时期的社会结构和社会流动

Social Structure and the Shifting of Social Strata in Russian Empire Period

俄国在莫斯科国家时期不存在等级 ,1 649年法典是俄国等级制度发展的分界线 ,1 8世纪末俄国等级制度基本形成。 1 9世纪 60年代改革后 ,逐渐失去特权的各个等级在法律上相互接近 ,并向阶级和职业集团演化 ,但到 1 91 7年前 ,等级尚未彻底变成阶级。在整个帝俄时期人口的社会结构变化异常缓慢 ,除城市等级外 ,其他主要等级的绝对人数增长而相对人数下降。 1 861年前等级间的社会流动规模不大 ,每代人中约有 1 /1 0的人参加社会流动 。

There was not hierachy in the principality of Moscow before the Code(1649) regarded as one line of demarcation was made, and it was established fundamentally in the late of 18th century. After the Great Reform in the 1860s,grades which were gradually losing privileges came to be identical with each other in the legal status and developped towards classes and professional groups . By1917,however,grades had not yet become classes completely. During the period of Russia Empire social structure of population changed at a fatally slow speed. Scale of shifting between strata was about one tenth in each generation that was small before the year of 1861. Peasants and Monks were usually resources supplementing other strata.