语言游戏与公正游戏──利奥塔公正观评析

Language Games and Justice Games

利奥塔的政治哲学从维特根斯坦的反本体论、反形而上学的多元化语言哲学观出发，对于指令性的话语进行了语用学的分析，否认指令性话语是推论性的，认为它是多元的。根据对指令话语的这种理解，他认为，社会公正也是一种指令性的话语，就是“你必须公正”，而公正是无内容、无标准、无法定义的，它只有使人承担义务的功能。“你必须公正”的指令，如同康德的绝对的道德命令，是没有发出命令的人的。传统的和现代的极权主义就是试图通过解放的叙事和神话叙事使某个主体成为发出指令的权威。

Followed with Wittgenstein's pluralistic linguistic philosophy against Ontology and Metaphysics, Lyotard analyzes the discourse of signification with pragmatism tools, he argues that signification discourse is not referential, but plural. Lyotard thinks that social just is also a signification activity, in the phrase'you should just', just has no content, no standard, no definition, it only functions to force man to carry responsibility. The phrase like Kant's Imperative, there is no agent who gives command;but all totallitarianism gives some agents authority to command through the liberation or myth narratives.