20世纪西方大众政治对国家对外政策和外交的影响

The Influences of Mass Politics upon Foreign Policy and Diplomacy of the Western Countries in the 20th Century

20世纪里 ,西方大众政治对西方国家对外政策的形成方式和外交操作方式始终有着广泛、深入的重大影响。无论在自由民主制国家 ,还是在法西斯极权国家 ,大众政治都是决定外交和战略的主要因素之一 ,因而也是决定国际政治及其变迁的主要因素之一 ,尽管它在这两类不同国家的存在形式和作用形态很不相同。在大众政治引起的“外交革命”之外 ,对外政策的一项新手段———国际宣传以及在 2 0世纪尤为盛行的国际颠覆 ,也与大众政治密切相关。然而 ,不能忽视在自由民主制国家 ,政府和公众舆论的关系还包括前者往往影响和操纵后者 ,而“外交革命”在其消极意义之外还有其积极意义。

There had been, throughout the 20th century,widespread and profound influences of mass politics upon foreign policy making and operation of diplomacy in the Western countries. Whether in the liberal democracies or in the Nazi and Fascist totalitarian states, mass politics was without exception one of the major determinants of not only diplomacy and strategy, but also international politics and its transformation, although its forms of existence and ways of operation were quite different in these two kinds of states. Besides the “diplomatic revolution' brought into being by mass politics, international propaganda as a new instrument of foreign policy and international subversion which was particularly prevalent in the 20th century were also closely related to mass politics. However, it should not be ignored that the relationship between government and public opinion in the liberal democracies included also the former's influence upon and manipulation of the latter, and that the “diplomatic revolution”had its positive significances in addition to the negative ones.