核废物的安全和环境影响

THE SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF NUCLEAR WASTES

本文论述了核废物特性 ,核废物安全管理原则 ,核废物的安全处理、处置技术 ,废放射源的安全管理 ,乏燃料的安全管理和核废物的环境影响等 6方面问题。特别强调了废物管理 9条原则 ,核废物最少化 ,豁免和清洁解控 ,核废物处理、处置技术的发展动向 ,我国核废物管理 40字方针 ,国际社会关注的废放射源和乏燃料安全处理和处置等。并以我国大亚湾和秦山核电站为例 ,说明核废物可以被安全地控制和管理 ,保证环境的安全。

Radioactive matters were discovered in 1989. Exploitation and using of nuclear energy and nuclear technologies bring us huge benefits, but the disposal of radioactive wastes is becoming one of the safety and environmental problems. The present paper describes six issues related to nuclear wastes. They are as follows: (1) The origin and characteristics of the nuclear wastes;(2) The principles of management of nuclear wastes established by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) as well as the Chinese'40 words principles' and the major tasks of Chinese nuclear waste management; (3) The treatment and disposal technologies of nuclear wastes and the emphasis on new technologies, waste minimization and exemption and clean release; (4) The safety management of spent radiation sources including technical and administrative measures; (5) The safety management of spent nuclear fuel and the emphasis on high level radioactive wastes to be safely disposed of; (6) The environmental impact of nuclear waste. The present paper takes the Qinshan Nuclear Power Plant and the Daya Bay Nuclear Power Plant I, China, as two examples to prove that nuclear wastes can be safely controlled and managed to ensure environmental safety.The Chinese north-west disposal land of nuclear wastes under operation recently is also discussed. It is believed that the suggested disposal land can ensure the isolation of radioactive wastes and the surrounding environment according to the present standards. The north-west disposal land and the Beilong disposal land, Guangdong province, China, are built according to the international standard and advanced technologies.