文学主体与文学观念——中国上古文学观念发展的一种考察

The Main Body of Literature and Literary Ideas ——A Study of the Development of Ancient Chinese Literary Ideas

中国上古文学观念何时发生 ,有许多探讨的方法。本文从分析文学主体和文学观念的联系入手 ,探讨了这一问题。作者认为 ,殷商是一个宗教思想占主要地位的时代 ,“鬼治主义”是其文化特色 ,巫觋是其文化主体 ,所谓“诗言志”只是达到“神人以和”宗教目的的祭祀之乐的一个关目 ,独立的文学活动并不存在 ,独立的文学观念也未能发生。西周重视人间世务 ,加强礼乐文化建设 ,明确提出“敬德保民”,人文精神得到发展 ,“诗”成为天子听政以“补察其政”的政教工具 ,文学观念在潜滋暗长。春秋时期 ,“礼崩乐坏”,文化下移 ,学术解放 ,士成为文化学术的主体 ,以孔子为代表的儒家重视西周以来的人文传统和文化典籍 ,以人文教化为基本内容的文学观念才得以产生出来。正是这种文学观念成为了中国的正统文学观念的核心内容 。

Through the analysis of the connection between the main body of literature and literary ideas, this paper explores the time of the appearance of ancient Chinese literary ideas. It thinks that the Yin and Shang Dynasty are periods of time dominated by religious ideas. 'The doctrine that everything is ruled by spirit' is its cultural characteristic and wizards are the main body of the culture. Western Zhou Dynasty paid great attention to the affairs of human life and reinforced the construction of ritual culture. In Spring and Autumn Period, 'rite went off and memorial ceremony broke down', culture transferred to the lower class, literati became the main body of culture and learning. Confucius representative of the Confucian School emphasized the humanistic tradition and cultural books and records from the Western Zhou Dynasty, and thus developed the literary idea whose basic contents were humanistic acculturation and inculcation. It's this literary idea that became the core of orthodox Chinese literary idea, forming the characteristics of the time and people in ancient Chinese literary.