唐代监察体制的变革

The Change of the Supervisory System of the Tang Dynasty

中国的监察制度自秦汉创立 ,中经魏晋南北朝的发展 ,到隋唐时期产生重大的变革。唐代监察体制的变革主要体现在四个方面 :首先 ,监察体制中御史监察系统的统一和完整 ,是到唐代才完成的 ,唐代御史机构完整统一 ,所属有台、殿、察三院 ,分工明确 ,各司其职 ,制度健全 ,职权扩大。其次 ,监察体制中言谏监察系统获进一步发展 ,有专门的言谏机关 ,谏官种类增加 ,权力增大 ,除了言事谏诤权的行使外 ,封驳诏书权的健全 ,加强了宰相间的相互制约和对皇帝决策的监督。其三 ,地方监察制度的完备和崇重。其四 ,监察官吏行使权力的独立性和规范性为以往历代所不及。唐代监察体制的这些变革 ,进一步摆脱了门阀士族的羁绊 ,体现了皇权不断加强的趋势 ,使中国封建监察体制趋于合理。

The Chinese Supervisory System was founded in the Qin Dynasty and the Han Dynasty. It developed in the Wei Dynasty, the Jin Dynasty, the North and South Dynasties, and it had a great change in the Sui Dynasty and the Tang Dynasty.In the Tang Dynasty the change was embodied in four aspects: First, the unification and completion of the Censorate supervisory system didnt finish until the Tang Dynasty. The Censorate organs were intact and subordinated three branches. These three branches had clear division of labor and each one did its duty, whats more, they extended their power; Second, the criticism system in the supervisory system had a further development. It had special criticism organs. There were increasing kinds of dissuasive officials and they gained more power. Except the criticism system, the correction of the emperors wrong decisions strengthened the mutual restriction in prime ministers and the supervision towards the emperors decisions; Third, the completeness of the local supervisory system; Fourth, the independence and standard of the supervisory officials practicing power excelled ever before. These changes in the supervisory system of the Tang Dynasty further got rid of the blocking-stocks of the nobles, and they embodied the trend of the increasing emperor power and made the Chinese feudal supervisory system tend to reach perfection.