1Lee CR,McTavish D,Sorkin EM,et al. Tramadol:a preliminary review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properities and therapeutic potential in various acute and chronic pain states[J]. Drugs, 1993,46: 313-40.
2Rud U,Fischer MV,Mewes R,et al.Postoperative analgesia with tramadol. Continuous infusion versus repetitive bolus administration[J ]. Anaesthesist, 1994,43(5) :316-21.
3Chrubasik S, Seninger N, Chrubasik J, et al. Treatment of pain with peridural administration of opioids[J]. Chirng,1996,67(7): 665-70.
4Lewis KS, Han NH. Tramadol:a new centrally acting analgesic[J].Am J Health Syst Pharm, 1997,54(6) :643-52.