生态系统健康评价的研究进展

ADVANCES IN ASSESSMENT OF ECOSYSTEM HEALTH

生态系统健康评价是环境管理和生态系统监控的基础 ,生态系统监控可促进生态系统健康评价。首先介绍了生态系统健康概念的产生、发展及其不同的内涵 ,并着重回顾和讨论了生态系统健康评价指标及其存在的问题。生态系统健康评价指标包括生态指标、物理化学指标、人类健康与社会经济指标 3大类。生态指标是反映生态系统特征和状态的生物指标 ,它分为生态系统、群落和种群与个体等不同层次的指标或指标体系。物理化学指标是检测生态系统的非生物环境的指标。人类健康与社会经济指标着眼于生态系统对人类生存与社会发展的支持作用 ,采用经济参数和社会发展的环境压力指标等来衡量生态服务的质量与可持续性。根据其敏感程度和功能性 ,生态系统健康评价指标分为早期预警指标、适宜程度指标和诊断指标 3类。一个完整的生态系统评价应包括上述 3大类指标或指标体系 ,但在具体的评价实践中往往因评价目的和对象的不同而有所选择。生态系统健康评价目前有两个亟待解决的问题

The assessment of ecosystem health is the foundation of environmental management and ecosystem monitoring and it can also be promoted by ecosystem monitoring. The generation,development and various ideas of ecosystem health are introduced in this paper with particular focus on indicators and the problems of assessment of ecosystem health. Indicators of assessment of ecosystem health can be divided into three groups: ecological indicators,physical chemical indicators and human health and social economic indicators. Ecological indicators are those reflecting the characters and state of an ecosystem and are classified into indicators or indicator systems at different levels, viz. integrated ecosystem level,community level and individual population level. The physical chemical indicators relate to the abiotic environment of an ecosystem. The human health and social economic indicators are focused on the supporting role of ecosystems in human survival and social development,with economic parameters and environmental pressure indicators of social development being adopted to measure the quality and sustainability of ecological service. According to their sensitivity and function,indicators for evaluation of ecosystem health were identified as early warning indicators,compliance indicators and diagnostic indicators respectively. An integrated assessment of ecosystem health should consist of indicators or indicator systems in all three groups,but indicator selection was usually used and varied with the purpose and objective of the specific assessment practice. Two problems to be urgently solved at present in assessment of ecosystem health were proposed: how to efficiently identify the criteria of assessment and reference system and how to precisely discriminate anthropogenic pressure from natural disturbance.