3Tanabe P, Buschmann M. A prospective study of ED pain management practices and the patients' perspective. J Emerg Nurs 1999;25:171-7
4Thomas SH, Silen W, Cheema F, et al. Effects of morphine analgesia on diagnostic accuracy in Emergency Department patients with abdominal pain: a prospective, randomized trial. J A m Coll Surg 2003;196(1): 18-31
5Tanabe P, Buschmann M. Emergency nurses' knowledge of pain management principles. J Emerg Nurs 2000;26:299-305
6Skaer TL. Practice guidelines for transdermal opioids in malignant pain. Drugs2004; 64(23): 2629-38
7Ong CK, Lirk P, Seymour RA, et al. The efficacy of preemptive analgesia for acute postoperative pain management: a meta-analysis. A nesth A nalg 2005;100(3): 757-73
8Fayaz MK, Abel RJ, Pugh SC,et al. Opioid-sparing effects of diclofenac and paracetamol lead to improved outcomes after cardiac surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2004:18(6): 742-7
9Godwin SA, Caro DA, Wolf SJ, et al. Clinical policy: procedural sedation and analgesia in the emergency department. Ann Emerg Med 2005 ;45(2):177-96
