中国加入近代国际体系的历程

The Process of China's Accession to the Modern International System

东亚地区长期存在着一个以中国为核心的封贡体系 国际秩序。随着西方列强决意打开中国的大门，东亚传统的国际秩序与近代国际体系发生了 激烈的碰撞。中国在这一碰撞中遭受了沉重的冲击。经过两次鸦片战争，掠取了巨大利益的 西方列强调整对华策略，而清政府也被迫重新认识对外关系。１８６０年以后的近２０年里，中国 逐渐从被动接纳近代国际体系向主动加入近代国际体系转变。以７０年代末向欧美诸国派遣常 驻使节为标志，中国完成了加入近代国际体系的历程。

A tributary system centered round China had long existed in East Asia. This traditional international order came into fierce col l ision with the modern international system when Western powers determined to mak e China open its door to them, with great losses for China. After the two Opium W a rs, the satisfied Western powers adopted a cooperative policy toward China, whil e the Qing imperial court was compelled to reexamine its foreign relations. China experienced a transition from passive acceptance to active participation in the m odern international system in the 1860's and 1870's. With the establishment of t h e first embassies in European countries and the United States in the late 1870's , China completed its process of accession to the modern international system.