“皇帝与士大夫共治天下”试析——北宋政治架构探微

Analysis of Emperor Running the state Together with Scholars-bureaucrat, Preliminary Study on Political Framework in Northern Song

宋代政治架构 ,一言蔽之 ,即“皇帝与士大夫共治天下” ,这是理解与认识宋代官僚政治体系的关键。皇权、相权、台谏之权 ,构成宋代中央政府中的三角 ,三者互相限制 ,又互相倚恃 ,形成“共治”架构。宋初完善法制 ,提倡依法办事 ,奠定了“共治”架构的稳定基础。而中唐以来社会思想的发展 ,为“共治”局面的出现创造了条件。有宋一代 ,最能体现“共治”架构的 ,是宋仁宗朝 ,故有“庆历之治”的美誉。剖析宋仁朝政治 ,有助于进一步认识“共治”架构。

The political framework in Song dynasty might be 'emperor running the state together with scholars bureaucrat'. That is the key to understand and realize the system of official politics in Zhao's regime. The emperor, premiers and censorial officials had the power in the central government and formed the triangular framework of 'running the state together' in the way of restricting and relying on each other. Steady going foundation of the framework of 'running the state together' had been made in the beginning of Song Dynasty through perfecting the legal system and advocating doing something within the limits of law. The development of social thoughts since middle Tang brought about the emergence of situation of 'running the state together'. The typical embodiment of the framework in Song times was politics named 'QingliZhi Zhi' in historical books. So it is helpful to get much more ideas about the framework by studying the politics during Ren Zong's reign.