明故知类 有所止而正——中国古代逻辑中关于“说”的谬误

Recognizing the classification and Reasoning with Range--Fallacies about Logic Reasoning in Ancient China

西方传统逻辑讲谬误 ,主要指形式谬误 ;中国古代逻辑讲谬误 ,主要指实质谬误。中国古代逻辑中关于“说”的谬误 ,主要指非必然性推理的错误。由于在推理的过程中不知类、不明故或不知止 ,就会产生各种实质性谬误。古代逻辑学者不仅分析了产生谬误的原因 ,而且分析了不同的谬误形式 ,这些探索和分析有助于我们进一步提高思辩能力 ,防止逻辑错误。

Fallacies refer to formal fallacies in the western logic theories while in ancient China factual ones. Fallacies about reasoning in ancient Chinese logic maining refer to errors of non-inevitable reasoning. Various factual fallacies might be resulted from the fact of not knowing the class and not understanding causes and conditions in reasoning process. Ancient logic scholars analysed the different fallacy forms as well as causes for such factual fallacies. Such exploration and analysis contribute to the improvement of our thinking capacity so as to avoid logical errors.