马克思意识概念和生产概念的存在论探源──兼论海德格尔对马克思的批评

An Ontological Approach to Marx' s Concept of Consciousness and Production ──A Concurrent Discussion on Heidergger's Criticism of Marx

存在与意识的关系问题，是一个关于唯物主义与唯心主义之对立的老问题，并且被恩格斯表述为哲学的基本问题，这就是说，它是一个在存在论上的基本立场问题。但是，在西方近代存在论的形而上学方式中，由意识的内在性所建立的人的主体性，在根本上导致了脱离人的感性生存的抽象的意识与抽象的存在之间的对峙，后者实际上是被前者的内在性规定出来的，因此才产生了一个关于“自在之物”的难题。海德格尔认为，马克思是用“物质生产等于人的自身生产”来确立存在对于意识的优先性的，并且由于马克思的生产概念与黑格尔的生产概念没有原则区别，故而马克思仍在意识的内在性原理中。这表明他对马克思的哲学变革缺乏真正的了解。本文从马克思关于意识概念的存在论阐发入手，证明马克思的生产概念并非来自对黑格尔的生产概念的形而上学倒转，而是把物质生产理解为“勾连着”存在本身的人的对象性存在的自我实现。这正是马克思的“新唯物主义”思想的要义所在，它构成了马克思对于资本主义的存在论批判。

The relationship between being and consciousness is an issue concerning the fundamental ontological standpoint. But in the metaphysical mode of modern western ontology, the opposition between abstract consciousness and abstract being results fundamentally from the inner selfhood of consciousness, which leads to the difficulty with 'the thing-in-itself'. Martin Heidergger thought that Marx's concept of production is rooted in Hegel' s metaphysics, and so Marx was still restricted in the principle of consciousness's inner selfhood. However, this is a misunderstanding of Marx' s revolution in philosophy. This essay tries to expound Marx' s concept of consciousness and of production, and prove that, in Marx, material production originates in human gegenstaandliche being which amuses being in itself-the very core of Marx' s 'new materialism'. And this kind of materialism is a profound criticism of capitalism.