中国早期宗教祭祀及其乐舞对于戏曲形成的影响

The Influence of the Early Chinese Religion Rites and their Companying Music and Dance on the Formation of Traditional Operas

中国戏曲的形成与原始鬼神崇拜之间有着颇为密切的关系 ,远古时代图腾礼仪及傩祭中的拟兽类歌舞就蕴含着鲜明的戏剧美因素 ,与拟兽扮饰表演不同的拟神扮饰表演 ,包括蜡祭、雩祭、社祭等以及“葛天氏之乐”也带有丰富的音乐舞蹈、装扮表演等戏剧因素。巫觋在此类宗教活动中的地位和行为颇似今天戏剧舞台上的演员 ,为孕育中的中国戏曲提供了虚拟的装扮性和心理的观赏性这两个极为重要的因素。远古时代宗教祭祀仪式中孕育出的戏曲萌芽 ,由于先秦礼仪文化理性精神的发展 ,并未能进一步演进 ,虽然荆楚歌舞中戏剧萌芽保存下来 ,但只能转化为理性文化改造的宫廷祭曲 。

The formation of traditional Chinese operas had a close connection with the primordial worship of spirits. We find in the dancing and singing of imitating animals in the performances of totem worship and the offering sacrifice to epidemic ghosts the elements of dramatic aestheticism. So were in the dancing, singing and make up shows in the performances of various sacrifices. The behaviors of the sorcerers in their performances were something like what the players do on the stage. The sorcerers' performances gave birth to two important elements of Chinese opera in gestation, the make up and the psychological enjoyment. The traditional Chinese operas in gestation didn't go any further in the pre Qin period as it contravened with the then cultural trend, the rationalism shown in the development of ceremonial rites and regulations, though the seeds of operas were reserved in songs and dances of Jing Chu, the districts within the middle reach of the Changjiang River, becoming a kind of rational culture, the court music and dance, or compromising with the music and dance of the local minorities and forming the so called pan culture of religionary custom.