中国航天器真空技术的进展(一)

PROGRESS OF VACUUM TECHNOLOGY OF SPACECRAFT IN CHINA

围绕着中国航天器真空技术在航天领域中的应用问题 ,综合地介绍了其技术的发展 ,重点突出了中国极高真空技术的发展。提出了“分子真空寿命”这一新的物理量 ,并以此概念推导出测量气体分子热适应系数的方法。指出了在超高和极高真空条件下压力失去了原有的物理意义 ,引入了“有效压力”、“入射率”、“静压”、“动压”等新概念。探索了在空间条件下真空测量中的方向性效应和理论计算与实际测量偏离问题的特殊性和复杂性。介绍了利用分子沉技术研制的极高真空装置获得了 10 -11Pa极限真空度 ,介绍了中国已建立的航天器模拟设备的现状、性能指标和主要用途。概述了中国空间材料的真空效应研究现状 ,指出了空间材料、活动部件的冷焊及航天器敏感表面分子污染对航天器的长寿命和可靠性的影响。展望了中国航天器真空技术的发展。

Surrounding the subject of application of the vacuum technology in space, the general situation of development in the spacecraft vacuum technology in China is synthetically introduced. The development of extreme high vacuum in China is introduced in detail. The new physical concept 'molecule vacuum life'is presented, on which the method of measuring the thermal adaptation coefficient of gas molecule is deduced. It is indicated that the pressure losses its original physical meaning under the ultra and extreme high vacuum conditions. The new concepts as 'efficient pressure'? 'incidence'? 'static pressure' and 'dynamical pressure' are drew. The particularity and the complication of the directional effect and the theoretical calculation of vacuum measurement deviating from real measurement under the space conditions are explored. The extreme high vacuum equipment with molecular sink technology obtains 10 -11 Pa of ultimate vacuum. The present situation, performance and main functions of spacecraft simulation equipment developed in China are introduced. The researches on space materials vacuum effects in China are described. The effects of cold weld for space materials and mobile parts and the effects of molecule pollution on the long life and the reliability of spacecraft are indicated. The development of spacecraft vacuum technology in China is expected.