金相学史话(5):X射线金相学

A Brief History of Metallography: Ⅴ.X-ray Metallography

1912年Laue等发明X射线衍射 ,接着Bragg父子就把它应用到金属及一些简单无机化合物的晶体结构测定。到了二十年代 ,金相学的一些基本问题得以迎刃而解 ,如 β Fe不存在(192 2 ) ,有序固溶体 (192 3) ,单晶体的滑移系统 (192 2 - 192 5 ) ,织构 (192 5 ) ,电子化合物 (192 6) ,马氏体的四方度 (192 6) ,等等。进入三十年代 ,略微复杂一些的晶体结构问题也列入研究日程 ,如间隙化合物 (1930 ) ,取向关系 (1930 ) ,G .P .区 (1939) ,等等。到了四十年代 ,不但已经开始用富里叶分析研究金属冷加工产生的晶粒碎化及晶格畸变 (194 8) ,并已出现“金属的结构”(C .S .Barrett,194 3)、“X射线金相学”(A .Taylor,194 5 )

In 1912 Laue et al. invented X\|ray diffraction and in the follow years the Braggs, father and son, made X\|ray structural analyses of metals and simple inorganic compounds. In the twenties many fundamental problems of metallography have been solved, such as the absence of β Fe(1922), ordered solid solution(1923), slip system in meals(1922-1925), texture(1925), electron compounds(1926), the tetragonal distortion in martensite(1926), etc. Somewhat complicate problems were studied in the thirties, such as the structure of interstitial compounds(1930), orientation relationship(1930), G.P.zone in the pre\|precipitation(1939), etc. Coming to the forties, the use of Fourier analysis in X\|ray diffraction became common and it was used to study the grain size refinement and lattice distortion during cold working of metals(1949). Mean while monographs such as Barrett's “Structure of Metals”(1943) and Taylor's “X\|ray Metallography”(1945) started to appear.