从“道艺合一”到“道通为一”———庄子技术思想初探

A Study of the Technical Idea in Zhuangzi

在对待“道”和“艺”的关系上,庄子主张“道”“艺”合一,他认为:“道进于艺”,或“道在于艺”。“技进乎道”是庄子思想的灵魂。同时庄子提出“道通为一”的思想:为达其目标必经分解合同之途。其一,“以道观分”,庄子的意思是,“分”与“成”是同一过程,不是“分”之外另有“成”,也不是“成”之外另有“分”,而只不过从一方面看是“分”,从另一方面看是“成”。“成”与“毁”亦然。庄子有关“分”、“成”、“毁”的论述是对中国古代工程技术设计思想的总结。其二,“不同同之”,庄子的意思是以道观人察物,万物虽种类不同,形态万殊,但其根本之道是同一的。“合异以为同,散同以为异”,就是要打破时间和空间的差异,将不同的时间和空间的东西结合在一起,以达到创新的目的。“道通为一”是将个体的“分”与整体的“合”有机地结合起来,达到有分有合的境界,这是庄子技术思想的基础。

Regardingto the relation of Dao and arts,Zhuangzithought Dao is more than art,stanging for the combinationof the two.The unity of Dao and is t he qui nt es s ence of Zhuangz i ' s t echnol ogy i dea.At the meantime he brought up'All things by meansof the Dao are united and becameone',thus to ach-ieve the goal one must exprtience both distinction and construction.First,'to recognize the distinctio-n by meansof the Dao',in which Zhuangzimeantdistinction and construction are of a same process,but not one out of the other.Distinction can be regarded as construction from another aspect,so it is with the relation of construction and destruction.Zhuangzi's notion and elbaoration on distinction,construc-tion and destruction was a summaryof the idea of ancient Chineseengineering and mechanicaldesign.Se-condly,'to recognize the unlike as the like',in which Zhuangzimeantalthough muchdiverse as species and forms are,the basic primciples are the same if viewed with Dao.Composingdiverse individuals makes up the mixedentity,while disprtsing the entity gets diverse imdividuals,which is just meant to break the discrepancybetweentime and space,and combinedifferent things in different time and space to cre-ate new things.To combinedistinction of imdividualsand construction of the entity organically,which Zhuangzicalled'All things by meansof the Dao are united and becameone',is the basis of his idea on techmology.