“革命”、“共和”:清民之际政治中坚概念的形成

Revolution & Republicanism: Forming Political Nucleus Concept between Late Qing and Republic of China

辛亥革命导致近代中国政治话语系统的深刻变更 ,典型的表现便是“革命”与“共和”两词汇从古典义向现代义转换。“革命”的古典义是变革天命 ,指改朝换代 ;“共和”的古典义是“相与和而共政事”,指贵族分享国家管理权。 1 9、2 0世纪之交 ,随着社会变革的推进和西方文化的传入 ,二词内涵发生异动。以孙中山为首的革命派 ,承袭“汤武革命 ,顺天应人”、“相与和而共政事”的传统话语 ,又汲纳来自英、法的社会革命论与来自法、美的共和主义思想 ,赋予“革命”、“共和”以现代义 ,与世界义接轨。而日本人幕末、明治时期借用汉字旧词“革命”与“共和”意译西方术语“revolution”与“republicanism”,被流亡日本的中国政治家及留学生传输回中国。这两个挟带西学内涵的汉字词为方兴未艾的中国近代革命—共和运动所采纳 ,成了辛亥革命乃至整个中国近代的中坚概念。“革命”与“共和”经历“中国创制的古典词—传入日本并发生演变—近代日本借以意译西方术语—从日本逆输入中国”这样一个跨国度、跨文化的传播过程 ,其间还发生改良派与革命派对两概念不同诠释的论战 ,其结果是现代义、世界义的“革命”与“共和”概念在中国逐渐普及。然而 ,现代义、世界义的“革命”与“共和”理念在中国被正确理解、健全?

The typical change occurred in political words system of modern Chinese times,caused by the revolution of 1911,were transition of 'Revolution' and 'Republicanism' from classical meaning to modern meaning.The classical 'Revolution' means dynastic changes,and the classical 'Republicanism' means aristocrats share the manage rights of country.In intersect from 19 century to 20 century,the revolutionist whose leader was Sun Yat\|sen changed the intension of these two words by using the new meaning learned from the modern west and Japan,which be adopted in the process of modern revolution of China and became nucleus concept in the revolution of 1911 even the whole modern times of China.So the words 'Revolution' and 'Republicanism' experienced transnational spread and different cultural background.The result was these modern meanings were accepted popular among China gradually.Of course,it is experiencing a long time that the modern meanings of 'revolution' and 'Republicanism' were comprehended and acted correctly,which just reflected the complicate character in the course of Chinese modernization.