塔里木河中下游区域开发对生态环境的影响及生态环境恢复与重建对策——以尉犁县为例

INFLUENCE ON ECOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT EXERTED BY REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND COUNTERMEASURES FOR RESTORING ECOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT IN LOWER REACHES OF TARIM RIVER ——A CASE STUDY ON YULI COUNTY

随着塔里木河流域进入大规模开发时期 ,区域开发活动对该流域生态环境的演变产生了重大的影响 ,虽然绿洲内部产出大幅度增加 ,但整体生态环境趋向恶化 ,制约了区域社会经济的可持续发展。以塔里木河中下游尉犁县为例 ,从分析区域开发活动入手 ,总结了区域开发对区域生态环境影响的有利与不利方面。进而 。

The project of controling comprehensively the Tarim river has been one of important projects in China. It is necessary to study environmental evolution and regional development deeply. According to sporopollen information in Tarim Basin, the total trend of climate changing in this area is that degree of arid and dry has been aggravating since the Quaternary Period. In later Epipleistocene, desert covered most of Tarim Basin. Climate had changed many times, but the period of cold and wet was becoming shorter and shorter, the period of warm and dry was becoming longer and longer. When human history started, with the activities of human development, natural factors and human behavior factors exerted integratedly a profound influence on environment evolution. In the early human history, natural forces took dominant role. With the developing of human civilization, abilities of human reforming the natural were reinforced continuously, human behavior started to take dominant role in environmental evolution. Especially after 1950s, the area of Tarim Basin was developed on a large scale, the activities of regional developing exerted great influence on evolution of regional ecological environment. Although the output of oases in the area increased largely, the total ecological environment had been deteriorating, it destroyed seriously the foundation of regional social and economy sustainable development. This paper takes Yuli county in the lower reaches of Tarim river as a study case, analyses the activities of regional developing and summarizes good and bad influences. It points out that good influences includes advancing oasis land productivity, enhancing the utility of water resource, enlarging the oasis area and improving oasis internal ecological environment. Then bad influence is stated as follows: unbalancing distribution of water resources among areas. Because water was drawn largely to irrigate farmland in upper and middle reaches of Tarim river, water in down stream was decreased, the riverbed in down river was dry, salt area was formed; land desertification has been becoming more and more serious; green corridor has been nearly to disappear; pasture had been degenerating seriously; soil had been becoming salt and alkali one; biology diversity had been destroyed seriously. Lastly, on the basis of above analysis, the paper discusses the countermeasures for restoring the regional ecological environment. It points out that not only the technology of antroling desertification shoud be developed, but also the idea and method of management should be renewed, and at present the latter is more important. More attentions should be paid to harmonize building ecology and developing economy by making policy, in order to implement sustainable development of society and economy. The countermeasures includes: striving for ecology building project at all levels, raising fund for restoring ecology from different ways; adjusting the agricultural structure in order to provide foundation and accumulate fund for restoring the ecological environment; applying and spreading innovated technology in order to improve output per water; drawing relevant policy and management institutions to implement managing the river uniformly.