祁连山区草原畜牧业的可持续发展问题与发展模式

Study on Sustainable Development of Pasture based Animal Husbandry in Qilian Mountains of China

以祁连山区的肃南县为实验基地 ,通过对山区生态保护和经济发展之间现存问题的分析 ,提出了以草原管理、牲畜繁育和产业发展为主要内容的山区草原畜牧业发展模式。它突破了山区的地域限制 ,将山区与山下绿洲作为一个完整的生态—经济耦合系统 ,使用跨学科的方法 ,将山区草原的生态保护与农户的经济增长兼容起来 。

Qilian Mountains, located in the desert region of northwest China, with dry climate and less precipitation. As a huge mountain system, its water conservation forest, glaciers and snow cover breed the piedmont oasis plain in the desert. Due to the increasing pressure of population, the eco environment of the whole mountain area and desert oases has seriously degraded. Sunan County in Qilian Mountains, owing to climatic limitation and land conditions, has long been a typical grazing region. Through 40 days of field investigation and questionnaire analysis on the mountain pasture animal husbandry development and ecological destruction conditions in Sunan County, we found that there are a variety of problems in the animal husbandry development of the county, such as pasture use and management issues, farmers' economic income and rural economic developmental views etc. The solution of these issues requires multidisciplinary combination including ecology, economics and management science. In this research, with the Sunan County in Qilian Mountains as the study base, the authors break through terrain boundary and view the Qilian Mountain region and its melt water irrigated oasis plain as an overall eco economic coupling system to put forward a sustainable development pattern of mountain pasture animal husbandry from the multidisciplinary combination angle. According to this pattern, the use of grassland should be effectively controlled, livestock structure and feeding ways should be reformed, and various links of livestock production chain should be readjusted so as to combine the ecological protection of mountain pasture with the agricultural economic growth in the pastoral region, and finally realize sustainable development of the mountain pasture animal husbandry. In the sustainable development patterns of mountain animal husbandry put forward in this paper, grassland management pattern is the core of the pattern. It unifies farmers' responsibilities, rights and gains and encourages farmers and herdsmen's enthusiasm for protecting grassland and raising livestock. Especially the determination of grassland area, types, classes, grass output and rational checking of stocking rate will help herdsmen to define proper grazing animal number and gradually realize grass animal balance, thus ensuring benign ecological cycle and sustainable development of grassland. Following the implement of new management pattern, villagers place their income in the breeding of improved varieties, readjust herd structure and change their feeding ways. This made the livestock raising pattern 'mountain propagation and oasis fattening' possible. Industrial development pattern, starting from the angle of local economic development, extends industrial chain, realizes industrialization management, increases output profit of animal product economy, ensures sustainable increase in villagers' income and overcomes the contradiction between grassland ecological protection and rural economic growth. Hence, in the sustainable development pattern of the mountain animal husbandry, the first pattern is its core, the latter two are the necessary requirement and guarantee condition of the former; they form an inseparable entirety and ensure the sustainable development of the mountain animal husbandry.