中国外来入侵生物的危害与管理对策

Alien invasive species in China: their damages and management strategies

本文探讨了外来入侵生物的概念及其在我国的危害状况、入侵原因 ,提出了外来入侵生物的预防及管理对策。随着国际贸易往来和旅游业的发展 ,生物入侵在我国不断加剧 ,正在成为威胁我国生物多样性与生态环境的重要因素之一。外来入侵种的生态代价是造成本地物种多样性不可弥补的消失以及物种的灭绝 ,其经济代价是农林牧渔业产量与质量的惨重损失与高额的防治费用。生物入侵在我国大部分是由于人为因素引起的。这些因素包括 :缺乏对引进种的利益与风险进行评估、淡薄的生态意识与不顾生态后果的经济利益驱使下的盲目引进、缺乏严格的科学监管体系或监管不力、缺乏全面检疫的体系与机制。外来入侵生物的综合性与系统性研究已成为当今我国生态环境保护、农业生产和经济可持续发展的重大研究领域。我国对外来入侵生物的预防与管理应着重于国家能力、研究能力、监测与管理能力三大体系的建设上。根据我国国情和目前的紧急现状应制定出优先行动计划。对特定外来种的入侵生物学基础研究、特定生态系统或地理区域入侵种现状及影响的关键评估研究、特定外来入侵生物对生态环境影响的风险评估体系及经济损失的模式研究、发展控制外来有害生物的环保型技术与方法研究、外来生物受控制后生态系统的恢复与栖息生境的复?

The impacts and invasion method of alien invasive species (AIS), and prevention and management of biological invasion are discussed. Biological invasion is becoming one of the most important factors threatening biodiversity and stability of various ecological systems in China. The impacts of these biological invasions are becoming a more serious problems with development and increase of global trade, transportation, international travel and ecological tourism. Harmful AIS often leads to irreversible species extinction, and results in substantial economic losses within managed and natural ecosystems, including agriculture, forestry, fishery and animal production. Newly invading weeds, insect pests and plant diseases frequently result in large-scale outbreaks and persistent use of chemical pesticides. Successful invasion and spread of some major insect pests and weeds in China were caused by man-made factors. These include decision mistakes and unintentional introduction of some plants, such as water hyacinth and alligator weed as pig food, irresponsible introduction actions taken by individual/group without any ecological concerns, and lack of rapid response mechanism for eradicating potentially AIS as soon as they appear. China is an agricultural country. Any biological invasion will be a 'big-bomb' for our agriculture and inevitably result in ecological and economic losses in specific ecosystem and specific geographic regions. Prevention of biological invasion is an important aspect for safeguarding the state′s ecological safety. Development and researches should focus on building the state capacity, research capacity, and management capacity for addressing AIS problem. Based on the urgent situation of AIS in China, priority for research and action plans concentrate on: developing methods to identify the origin and pathways of invasive population; understanding the biological and ecological bases of AIS; developing environmentally friendly methods for control of AIS; developing environmental impact assessment and risk analysis methods for AIS; and developing methods for the recovery of habitats after control of AIS.