比附“主谓结构”引起的问题

Problems Caused by Modelling Chinese Grammar on Subject and Predicate

说汉语也有"主谓结构",这只是一种比附的说法,因为汉语并没有界定主谓结构的形式标准,所说的"主谓结构"其实是指逻辑上的命题。比附主谓结构并用它来套汉语现象,结果引起许多问题,特别表现在近年来学界讨论的一些热点问题上,主要有施格型、中动式、事件结构、关系从句、话题凸显等五个。布龙菲尔德指出,"语言学研究的一条基本原则是,我们无权在分析一种语言的时候注入这种语言没有表示的区分",要解决存在的问题,我们应该认真考虑在讲汉语语法的时候如何超越主谓结构。

It is only an analogy to say Chinese grammar also has subject and predicate,since the language has no formal criteria defining subject and predicate which exist in Indo-European languages,and what is called 'S-P structure'in Chinese refers to proposition in Aristotelian logic.Modelling Chinese grammar on 'S-P structure'has caused many problems,especially in the topics arousing general interest and heated argument,such as ergative language,middle construction,event structure,relative clause,and topic prominence.To tackle these problems,we should adhere to the 'fundamental principle of linguistic study that we have no right to inject into our analysis of a language distinctions not expressed in the language'as pointed out by L.Bloomfield and seriously consider the possibility of studying Chinese grammar beyond the pre-established categories subject and predicate.