国家权力、符号资本与中国高等教育的等级性和同质性——以新中国成立后的三次重点高校政策为例

State Power,Symbolic Capital and the Hierarchy and Homogeneity of Higher Education in China:Taking the Three Key Policies of Universities after the Foundation of the P. R. C. as An Example

中国高等教育结构具有等级性高与同质性强的特征,既不同于等级性和异质性都高的美国高等教育,也不同于等级性低的欧陆国家的高等教育。已有研究对于美欧等国家的高等教育结构特征及其差异做出了解释,但是难以解释中国的情况。本文借鉴布迪厄的场域理论,提出一个国家权力型塑高等教育场域的解释模式。国家在高等教育场域创设多种与经济资本挂钩的符号资本,垄断其授予数量和方式,从而导致各校间符号资本和经济资本的总量和构成产生分化,并据此形成陡峭的分层结构;对符号资本的授予没有局限于某个高校群体,而是逐渐扩大自己的授予范围,从而使绝大部分高校把获取符号资本及其背后的经济资本作为自己的奋斗目标,导致它们彼此之间同质性很强。本文运用该理论,以新中国成立后的三次重点高校政策为例,描述和分析了符号资本对中国高等教育场域结构的影响。

Higher education in China is characterized by hierarchy and homogeneity,which is different from the higher education system in both the United States and European countries. Previous studies have explained the characteristics and differences of higher education in the United States and Europe, but they found it difficult to explain the situation in China. Based on Bourdieu's field theory, this article puts forward an explanatory model of state power in shaping the field of higher education. The state has created a variety of symbolic capital linked to economic capital in the field of higher education, and monopolized the number and way of granting it. Firstly, the total composition of symbolic and economic capital among all institutes were differentiated, and a steep stratified structure was formed. Second, the granting of symbolic capital was not limited to a group of colleges and universities, but gradually its scope was gradually enlarged so that most colleges and universities have taken the acquisition of symbolic capital and the economic capital behind them as their goal of struggle, which further leads to their strong homogeneity with each other. Finally, this paper uses the theory and takes the three key university policies in China as an example to describe and analyze the influence of symbolic capital on the field structure of higher education in China.