略论瓦哈对杨庆堃之宗教社会学研究的影响

Wach’s Legacy: Probing C.K. Yang’s Sociological Research on Chinese Religion

瓦哈的三对概念——合一性宗教和专一性宗教、传统型宗教和创生型宗教、公立宗教和私立宗教,启发了杨氏对混合宗教和独立宗教、公众性宗教和自愿性宗教、官方信仰和民间信仰的区分。第一对概念是瓦哈和杨氏对宗教结构的整体把握,后两对概念是瓦哈和杨氏对宗教与政治关系的把握,杨氏借此展现了"以神道设教"如何帮助国家建立一套政治伦理信仰体系。此外,在有关儒教的探讨上,杨氏深受瓦哈的影响但又超越了瓦哈。瓦哈一方面认为儒教是一种创生性宗教,另一方面又认为儒教只是一种"准宗教"。杨氏在儒学属于哪种宗教的问题上也很犹豫,但他认为,儒学无疑有着宗教性的面向,它在家庭、社会、国家三个层面上对超自然因素进行实用性地吸纳。儒学作为道德体系的核心,与强大的帝国体制一起,实现了对宗教的支配。从儒学和中国宗教的强弱对比可以看出,儒学与其说是一种"准宗教",不如说是一种超然于其他宗教之上的"超宗教"。

Joachim Wach's(瓦哈)three pairs of religious concepts,namely,identical and specific religions, traditional and founded religions,and public and private religions,inspired C.K.Yang(杨庆堃)in hisdistinction between diffused religion and institutional religion,between communal religion and voluntaryreligion,and between official cults and popular cults.The first pair of concepts reflects Wach's and Yang'sthoughts about the overall structure of religion,and the latter two reflect their perspectives about the relationshipbetween religion and politics,with which Yang shows how"guidance by way of God"helps a country build its system of ethic and political cults.In addition,Yang was deeply influenced by Wach's analysis onConfucianism,but he exceeded Wach in his analysis.In most cases,Wach regarded Confucianism as a kind of founded religion.But sometimes,he thought that Confucianism was only a kind of"quasi-religion".Yangbelieved that Confucianism undoubtedly had a religious dimension,and it pragmatically absorbed supernaturalfactors at the family,social,and national levels.As the core of the moral system,Confucianism,together with the powerful imperial system,achieved the domination over religion.According to C.K.Yang,Confucianism isa kind of"super-religion"with humanity and religiousness,rather than a kind of"quasi-religion".