何为制度?因何发生(或未发生)?——从开伯尔山口看长城

What Is Institution and How Did It Happens? A Reflection in Khyber Pass

印度次大陆历史上曾有多次外族入侵,导致文化多次更迭;这与历史中国的“多难兴邦”形成了鲜明对比。拒绝大而化之的“文化”解释,本文从两大文明的自然地理条件、外来入侵发生的地理位置、入侵刺激的强度和频度等变量给出解说,并试图借此重新理解和界定制度。

Foreign invasions in the history of the Indian subcontinent led to great cultural changes,which is in stark contrast to the phenomena of "challenges make a state stronger"in historical China.Rejecting the"cultural"interpretation,this paper try to understand the differences from the natural geographical conditions of the two civilizations,the geographical location of the alien invasion,the intensity and frequency of the intrusion and other variables. It further demonstrates the necessity and general theoretical significance in re-understanding and defining institutions.