论故意犯的结果归责:反思与重构

On the Criminal Imputation of Intentional Crime: Rethinking and Reconstruction

近年来,随着客观归责理论的引入,刑法中的结果归责逐渐演变成客观构成要件内部的命题,而与主观构成要件脱钩。然而在故意犯的结果归责中,相当因果关系与客观归责理论的种种尝试却频遭失败的命运,尤其在介入因素存在的场合,"相当性"只能定义实行行为、难以成为狭义归责的判断标准,客观归责理论本为过失犯量身定制、在故意犯领域捉襟见肘,其下位规则均无法合理解决问题。究其原因,故意犯的结果归责原本就不是客观不法的问题,而属于主观不法的范畴。故意犯拥有本体论的犯罪构造,与过失犯存在本质的不同,两者分属于主观不法与客观不法的不法类型,分别适用"意志归责"和"规范归责"的归责模式。要合理解决故意犯的结果归责问题,只有从客观转向主观,建构以"意志支配"为核心的主观归责理论。

Traditional criminal theories hold that Erfolgszurechnung should be judged objectively,which in recent years has gained more support from the objective imputation theory. However,in Erfolgszurechnung of intentional crimes,neither adequate causation theory nor objective imputation theory can resolve difficult problems,especially when intervening factors exist. Adequate causation can not become a judging standard for normative imputation for its vagueness,and the objective imputation theory is faced with dilemma in intentional crimes,whose subsidiary rules are all unable to analyze problems reasonably. In fact,the imputation of intentional crimes does not belong to objective unlawful area inherently,but to subjective unlawful area. Intentional crimes have their own ontological structures,which differs essentially from negligence crimes. The former apply the mode of Willenszurechnung while the latter apply the mode of normative imputation. In order to solve problems of Erfolgszurechnung in intentional crimes,research view should be altered from objective to subjective,thus a subjective imputation theory centered in Willensherrschaft will be constructed.