被记住的与被遗忘的:近代有关“七出”“三不去”的话语演变

The Remembered and the Forgotten:A Shift in the Discourse of Marriage Practices in Modern China,“Qichu” and “Sanbuqu”

在中国传统婚俗中,"七出""三不去"是对终结婚姻关系的礼制规范。时至今日,"三不去"被遗忘,"七出"则成为女性在传统婚姻制度中受压迫的象征。人们对于"三不去"的忘记,并不是一种单纯的知识缺失,而是近代以来有关性别、婚姻和家庭话语演变的一种症状。这种记住与遗忘,同清末民初传教士、无政府主义者、女权主义者以及更为普遍意义上的中国知识分子等群体对中国传统婚姻(尤其是离婚)的重新书写有直接关系。他们出于各自不同的诉求,最终不约而同地强化"七出"、压制甚至抹去"三不去",从而成功建构起一个在婚姻体制中饱受压迫的中国女性形象,更进一步合理化自己作为解放者的现代角色。在"三不去"被遗忘的背后,反映了一个更大的问题:近代妇女"解放"并不是一个已然形成、毋庸置疑的前提,而是一整套有关女性的知识生成。在这一整套知识生成中,被记住的和被遗忘的,具有同样重要的意义和功效。

In traditional marriage practices,"qichu"(seven conditions of divorcing the wife) was juxtaposed with "sanbuqu"(three conditions of not divorcing the wife).Nowadays few people can remember"sanbuqu."As for"qichu,"most people do not know what exactly the seven conditions were,but they could vaguely know that these practices represented the oppression that Chinese women encountered in traditional marriages.The forgotten"sanbuqu"is not a loss of knowledge,but a reflection of changes in the modern day discourses of gender,marriage,and divorce.Social groups like missionaries,anarchists,feminists,and liberals rewrote about traditional marriage and divorce based on their different agendas ever since the end of Qing and the beginning of the Nationalist Period.They together reinforced the remembered "qichu " in constructing an image of Chinese women who were oppressed in traditional marriages,and thus justified women’s demands for liberation.The forgotten "sanbuqu"reveals a bigger achievement in not only the"liberation"of Chinese women but also the generation of knowledge among Chinese women,in which the forgotten is equally significant and revealing as what people remember.