塔里木河流域水资源研究进展

A review on water resources research in Tarim River Basin

塔里木河是我国最大的内陆河,也是南疆各族人民的母亲河,对其水资源研究的脉络梳理有助于指导当前和未来一段历史时期的水资源研究方向,为水资源合理优化配置提供理论依据,促进南疆经济发展与社会稳定。针对塔里木河流域水资源问题的研究从时间脉络上大致可划分为三个阶段。20世纪50年代之前,主要是中国的历史典籍、自然地理图志和近代国外探险家的探险历程,如实记录了塔里木河的水系变迁和自然风貌,间接反映了流域水资源受到自然—人类活动影响的缓慢变化; 20世纪50年代—90年代,随着南疆大规模开发,水资源研究逐渐聚焦于水资源的合理配置与有效管理,其主要针对的是近几十年来人类活动加剧造成的流域内水资源短缺、生态恶化、水资源管理混乱等一系列相关问题; 21世纪以来,由于气候变化和人类活动影响造成的塔里木河水文过程变化、水资源承载力及供需矛盾、地下水资源利用与保护等逐渐成为塔里木河水资源研究的新热点。本文在系统梳理三个阶段的研究成果后,进一步提出了未来塔里木河流域水资源研究应的重点关注方向,包括生态调度、水权配置与生态补偿、跨流域调水等。

The Tarim River is the largest inland river in China,and the South Xinjiang's mother river.The context of research on water resources is helpful for guiding the direction of water resources research in the current and future historical periods.It provides theoretical basis for the rational distribution of the water resource and promotes economic development and social stability in the South Xinjiang.The research on water resources in Tarim River Basin can be roughly divided into three phases in terms of timeline.The first phase is before the 1950s,the essence of the research is the real record of drainage change and natural landscape in Tarim River Basin,which indirectly reflected the slow change of water resources in river basinaffected by nature &human activities ,according to ancient documents and historical records in China,physical geography data and adventures of modern foreign explorers.In general,the Tarim River was gradually shrinking and moving northward in the historical period.The current river network was formed in the 17^th -18^th Century approximately.With the effect of intense human activities,the mainstream of the Tarim River was only connected to three main tributaries until 1950s ,named Aksu River,Hotan River and Yarkant River.The second phase is from 1950s to 1990s ,with the large-scale development of South Xinjiang, water resources research has gradually focused on the rational allocation and effective management of water resources,which was mainly devoted to solving series of related problems such as the shortage of water resources and ecological deterioration and disorderly management of water resource in the basin caused by the intensification of human activities in recent decades.The third phase is since the beginning of the 21st century,climate change and its effects has become a new central issue to scientists and researchers.Due to the impact of climate change and human activities,hydrological process changes,water resources carrying capacityand imbalance between supply and demand,utilization and protection of groundwater resources have gradually become the focus of the Tarim River water resources research.After systematically reviewing the results of the three phases,this paper further proposed the future research directions of water resources in the Tarim River Basin,including ecological regulation,water right allocation and ecological compensation,and inter-basin water transfer.