论康德道德哲学中的上帝设定——从《绝对视域中的康德宗教哲学》谈起

On the Postulation of God in Kant's Moral Philosophy——Starting fromKant'Philosophy of Religion in the Absolute Perspective

康德哲学中道德与宗教呈现为一种不即不离的关系:一方面他强调,道德绝对不需要宗教;另一方面他认为,道德不可避免地导致宗教。如何看待上帝设定及其与道德的关系,是康德哲学研究中的一个重要问题。有的学者认同康德的前一个观点即道德不依赖宗教,但是质疑他设定上帝的合理性;有的学者认为康德既主张道德不以宗教为基础,又设定上帝存在,这两者都是理性的内在要求,在康德哲学体系中并不冲突。综观康德对于道德的各种表述我们看到,在康德哲学中道德并非不依赖宗教,因为康德实际上把由至善推出的上帝视为道德实现的前提条件;但是康德的上帝设定并非道德本身的必然要求,而是源于基督教文化对康德思想的影响。

Morality in Kantian philosophy seems neither to accept nor reject religion.On the one hand,Kant stresses that morality is absolutely,independent from religion;on the other hand,he maintains that morality inevitably leads to religion.How to treat the postulation of God and its relation with morality is a very important question in the study of Kantian philosophy.Some schoiarsagree with Kant on the point that morality does not depend on religion,butquestion the validity of his postulation of God.Some scholars hold that both Kant's points of view that morality is not based on religion and his postulation of God are the intrinsic requirements of reason;they do not contradict each other .A comprehensive survey of Kant' moral p lailosophy suggests that Morality is not independent from religion,at the same time Kant's postulation of God is not an inevitable requirement of morality itself,but results from the influence of Christian Culture on Kan's thought.