从凤冈玛瑙山看清代咸同年间的地方武装与乡间秩序

The Local Armed Forces and Rural Order in the Qing Dynasty from the Manao Moutain in Feng Gang

营垒的特点、出土采集的遗物,以及文献记载,均显示凤冈玛瑙山现有遗存的年代不早于清代中期。结合族谱记载,我们认为它是当地乡绅钱青云于咸丰七年(1857)所建。咸同年间,黔北号军起义背景下,由乡绅倡筑、村民自建,用以自保的寨堡大量涌现,玛瑙山即其中之一。在清代中晚期的社会动荡中,政府倡导办团练、建寨堡,乡绅纷纷响应,地方武装力量成为晚清社会的一股重要势力,以特殊的方式维持着乡村的秩序,甚至对后来社会产生影响。

The characteristics of the fortresse,unearthed and collected relics,as well as documentary records, showing that the existing remains of the Manao Mountain was not older than the mid-Qing Dynasty.Combined with genealogical records,it was built by local squire Qian Qingyun in 1857.During the period of Xianfeng and Tongzhi, under the background of the rebellion of northern Guizhou,a large number of fortresses were built by the squires and the villagers to protect themselves.The Manao mountain was one of them.During the social turbulence in the middle and late Qing Dynasty,when the government advocated the formation of regiments and fortresses,the squires responded one after another.The armed forces became an important force in the late Qing Dynasty.They maintained the order of the countryside in a special way,and even influenced the later society.