旅游大发展阶段的治理困境——阳朔西街市场乱象的特征及其发生机制

Governance Dilemmas in Tourist Destinations' Rapid Development:Market Chaos in Yangshuo West Street

进入旅游大发展阶段,实现可持续治理是一个更具挑战的议题。文章以阳朔西街为例,讨论旅游地演化中的市场情境与旅游治理的互动关系,分析了大发展期"西街乱象"的治理困境,研究发现:(1)在大众旅游阶段,市场规模扩张,利益关系复杂化,一旦理性市场的约束机制缺失,外来短期投机主义将破坏本地的社会资本,自下而上自发形成的良性发展状态不可持续;如果政府继续缺位,旅游地的市场环境必然走向失控混乱的局面。(2)目的地发展越成熟,对政府的治理能力要求越高。从旅游参与期过渡到大发展期,政府有必要提前干预并引导旅游地建立应对秩序,培育"学习型"的响应系统。该研究对全域旅游背景下市场秩序的治理有一定现实启发,同时将旅游治理议题置于目的地演化的情境之下展开讨论,增加了跨学科的理论对话。

As tourism development in China progressed from scenic spot models to comprehensive tourism models,the booming mass tourism led to market chaos,which is currently a bottleneck for the tourism industry.How to coordinate the tourism-destination relationship and further promote sustainable development and effective destination governance has always been an important topic for many academic researchers and policy-makers.Yangshuo County was one of the earliest counties in China to open to the tourism market;thus,its evolutionary processes are both unique and typical.Its primary development period featured a West Street phenomenon with harmonious host-guest relationships,good commercial activity,and leisurely atmosphere.However,significant changes occurred in Yangshuo County's market context when it entered a mass-tourism development stage.Could the legitimacy of its previous benign development be maintained?What factors had an effect?Thus,more in-depth research is needed to explain this changing process.A systematic field investigation was performed into the case of Yangshuo West Street,where in-depth interviews,and participant and nonparticipant observations were mainly used as data-collecting methods.Based on extensive firsthand fieldwork data, this study explores the interactive relationship between the market situation and tourism governance during the evolution of tourist destinations.Furthermore,it analyzes the governance dilemma during the West Street chaos in the mass-tourism period.The major fmdings include:(1)The scale-of the market is expanding and tourists'interest relationships are complicated during the mass-tourism stage. If the constraint mechanism of the rational market is absent,foreign short-term opportunism will destroy the primary social capital generated by local residents.As a result,the benign state of bottom- up tourism development would be unable to maintain sustainability.If the government continues to be hands-off in the tourism market,the tourism destinations'market environment will inevitably end up in chaos.Therefore,the government cannot continue to play a night-watchman role in the free market.It should apply visible effects,interfere and control the market deviation,and guarantee the benign development of the tourism industry through legislation and manipulation measures.(2)The more mature the destination is,the higher the government's ability to intervene will be required.If the government's administrative ability cannot manage the expanding scale of tourism,it will be difficult for the government to play a supervisory role in the long-term regulatory mechanism.Thus,during the transition from an involvement stage to a period of great development,it is necessary for the government to intervene in advance to guide the tourism destination in establishing a response protocol and foster a feedback mechanism for improving the destination.Future research can continue to discuss how to achieve good governance and sustainable development of the tourism destination through the cultivation of the local elite and constructing a learning response system.This study has some practical implications for market governance in the context of comprehensive tourism.At the same time,the issue of tourism governance during the evolution of destinations is discussed,including an interdisciplinary theoretical dialogue.