网购合同成立时间:实证考察、现行立法及应然立场

The Time When the Online Sales Contract was Established:Empirical Analysis and Legislative Choice

判断网购合同成立是网购合同违约责任问题的逻辑起点。我国主流电商平台对实物网购合同多通过格式条款与用户约定合同"发货时成立"的立场,司法裁判对格式条款效力存在分歧。《电子商务法》第49条对电商平台的做法采取了否定立场,民法典分则草案合同编则预留了解释空间。基于私法自治优先立场及网购合同具有潜在用户远超库存商品数量等特殊性的考量,未来民法典应允许电商平台通过格式条款约定合同成立时间,但在消费者提交订单或付款之时必须像亚马逊购物平台一样明确提示"合同发货才成立",亦可强令电子商务平台经营者在所展示商品价款等明显位置提示合同成立规则。唯有如此,才能在尊重电子商务特殊性的前提下平衡、保障好网购合同双方当事人的合法权益。网购合同违约责任制度的构建应借鉴集团诉讼等方式解决单一消费者诉讼动力不足的问题,否则网购合同成立问题的重要性将只能停留在理论层面。

Judging the establishment of online sales contract is the logical starting point of the problem of default liability of online sales contract.The mainstream e-commerce platform generally through the standard clause or the user agreed contract to make the contract "established at the time of delivery" for online goods sales contract.However,the judicial decisions have different opinions in the validity of the standard clause.The Article 49 of the E-Commerce Law adopts a negative position on the generally practice of the e-commerce platform,and the Draft Contract Book of the Civil Code has reserved space for interpretation.Based on the special preference of private law autonomy and the special consideration of online sales contracts with potential users might far exceeding the quantity of inventory goods,the Civil Code should allow e-commerce platforms to stipulate contract establishment time through standard clauses,but it must be prompting as clear as the Amazon shopping platform that "contract is only established while shipment" when a consumer submits an order or do payment,and it can also force e-commerce platform operators to prompt the contract establishment rules in obvious positions such as the the price position of displayed goods.Only in this way can we balance and guarantee the legitimate rights and interests of both parties to the online sales contract under the premise of respecting the particularity of e-commerce.In addition,the online sales contract default liability system must abandon the traditional breach of contract liability system,and should rely on the class action and other means to solve the problem of the weak of single consumer,otherwise the significance of the establishment of online slaes contract issues will only stay at the theoretical level.