战国秦汉金饼货币类型考略

A Study on the Types of Cake-shaped Gold Ingots from the Warring States Period to the Han Dynasty

饼形黄金货币是中国早期黄金货币类型之一,滥觞于战国时期。战国金饼货币主要有平板实心金饼、凹面实心金饼和中空金饼三种形制,以平板实心金饼出现得最早。战国中空金饼又分为椭圆形和圆形两种,在海昏侯墓出土真正的马蹄金和麟趾金之前,一直被误认为是马蹄金和麟趾金。秦朝和西汉初年,战国时期的实心金饼形制继续流行。大致在西汉文景时期和汉武帝初年,凹面实心金饼开始成为西汉的主流黄金货币类型,在昭宣中兴时期最为繁盛,并一直流行到西汉末年和新莽时期。西汉主流金饼货币以西安谭家乡出土的金饼和海昏侯墓出土的金饼为代表,其特点是正面密布龟裂纹,并普遍打印"V"形戳印。东汉时期,由于商品经济不发达,金饼货币属性消退,变成了贮藏财富。当时,西汉主流金饼的铸造工艺均已失传,出现了对西汉主流金饼的仿制品种。

Cake-shaped gold ingots were one of the earliest type of gold currencies in China,which originated in the Warring States period.There were three types of cake-shaped gold ingots in the Warring States period,flat solid ones,concave solid ones and hollow ones.The flat solid cake-shaped gold ingots were the earliest of those three.Hollow cake-shaped gold ingots could be divided into two types,oval and round;they had been mistaken for horse hoof-shaped gold ingots and qilin hoof-shaped gold ingots before the real artifacts were unearthed form the tomb of Marquis of Haihun.Solid cake-shaped gold ingots were circulated during the Qin dynasty and the early Western Han dynasty.Between "The Rule of Wen and Jing"period and the early reign of Emperor Wu of Han,concave cake-shaped solid gold ingots became the mainstream gold currency.They reached the most popularity during the "Prosperity of Zhao and Xuan"period and were used till the reign of Wang Mang.The cake-shaped gold ingots in the Western Han dynasty could be represented by the those unearthed at Tanjiaxiang in Xi'an and those from the tomb of Marquis of Haihun in Nanchang.Their front sides were covered with cracks and V-shaped stamps.In the Eastern Han dynasty,due to the underdeveloped commodity economy,cake-shaped gold ingots gradually lost the monetary attribute and became a medium to store wealth.The casting technique of the most popular gold ingots in the Western Han Dynasty was lost and imitations appeared.