达斡尔族传统利用野生生物资源的乡土知识研究

Study on Local Traditional knowledges of Using Wild Bio-resources by Daur People in Nrotheast China

本文采用文献调查和田野调查相结合的方法,对内蒙古莫力达瓦达斡尔族自治旗的达斡尔族传统利用野生物资源的现状、乡土知识和实践进行了全面调查和量化分析.调查结果表明:(1)达斡尔族传统利用的野生生物资源共有117种,其中野生动物45种,分属28科,45属;野生植物63种,分属29科,53属;野生微生物9种,分属7科,8属;(2)达斡尔族传统利用野生生物资源的范围主要包括食用、药用、建筑、饲料、文化习俗和生产生活等方面,以食用和药用为主,其中可食用的有78种,入药的有54种;(3)达斡尔族传统利用野生植物资源的相对重要性值(RI)最高为1.75,最低为0.5.达斡尔族地区对于野生生物资源的利用呈下降趋势,部分资源存在过度利用情况,传统知识丧失严重.针对传统知识受威胁因素,本文提出建立相关政策法规制度,适当保护达斡尔族的传统生活方式;并推广当地传统的野生生物资源可持续利用方式,促进达斡尔族传统知识的保护与传承.

By the combination of literature research and field survey,we conducted a comprehensive survey and quantitative analysis on local knowledge and practice for traditional uses of wildlife resources in the Morin Dawa Daur Autonomous Banner of Inner Mongolia.The results show :(1)There are 117 species of wildlife resources traditionally used by the Daur people,including 45 species of wild animals,belonging to 28 families and 45 genera;63 species of wild plants,belonging to 29 families and 53 genera ;9 species of wild microorganisms,belonging to 7 families and 8 genera.(2)The traditional uses of wildlife resources by the Daur people mainly include the ways of food,medicinal, construction,feed,cultural practices,production and livelihood.There are 78 species can beused for edible foods and 54 species for medicines.(3)The relative importance value (RI)of the traditional wild plant resources is ranged from 1.75 to 0.5.The utilization of wildlife resources in the Daur area is declining,some resources are over-utilized,and traditional knowledge is facing serious loss.In view of the threats to traditional knowledge,the suggestions are proposed to establish relevant policies and regulations to properly preserve the traditional lifestyle of the Daur people,and promote the sustainable use of traditional wildlife resources,for the purpose of protection and inheritance of Daur traditional knowledge.