从“私人个体”到“完全的个人”:马克思个体概念的话语建构

From Private Individuals to Total Individuals:The Discourse Construction of the Notion of Individual in Marx

面对那些认为历史唯物主义没有为个体及其自由留下足够空间的误解和质疑,仅仅以《德意志意识形态》中"现实的个人"一说作为回应是不够的。事实上,考察马克思、恩格斯关于人的学说的历史文本就会发现,"现实的个人"只是其个体概念之话语建构中的关键一环,而从"私人个体"到"现实的个人"再到扬弃阶级个体诸相的"完全的个人",三重内涵之间的内在会通与渐次提升才构建起马克思关于个体概念的完整话语系统。澄明这三者之间的会通与提升关系,既能强化马克思主义阵营对各种质疑之声的回应,又能加深并推动历史唯物主义研究。

Facing some misunderstandings and skepticisms that historical materialism doesn’t leave enough room for individuals and their freedom, it is not adequate to respond only with the notion of "actual individuals "in The German Ideology. In fact, when investigating into Marx and Engels’ s historical manuscripts about individuals, we can clearly see that the notion of "actual individuals" is just a key component of the discourse construction of Marx’ s notion of individual, whereas from the notion of "private individual " to "actual individual",and then to "total individual" who sublates individuals subordinated by classes, the inner consistency and gradual promotion between those three dimensions of individual has constructed the entire system of Marx’s notion of individual. Clarifying the consistent relationship between those three dimensions not only strengthens the Marxist camp’ s response to those misunderstandings and skepticisms, but also sharpens and promotes the study of historical materialism.