两宋都督府职能比较研究

A Comparative Study of the Function of the Area Command in the Northern and Southern Song Dynasties

都督府在北宋、南宋都存在,而且在宋金战争中,曾经发挥过未可忽视的作用。两宋都督府有显著不同的职能,北宋为州格与虚衔,南宋为宰执兼领的统一前线诸路军马指挥的军事统帅机构。对两宋都督府的三重职能进行比较研究可知:其一,北宋都督在地方行政区划上,它既是六等州格都督州、节度州、防御州、团练州、军事州的最高一等;又是五等府京府、陪京府、都督府、次府、余府中的一等。其二,与州、府相联,北宋所设都督,有大都督、中都督、小都督之别,其实这时都督为亲王、宰执遥领之虚衔,无实职。其三,南宋初期,因宋金战争形势严峻,于是有宰执兼领都督诸路军马之置,发挥了战时区域最高军事指挥的职能。自绍兴后,都督诸路兵马府的设置,贯穿南宋七朝中的六朝(唯光宗朝例外),逢战必设,成为常态。通过两宋都督府的比较,得出结论:北宋大都督、中都督、都督之设,是沿隋唐诸路总管府、都督府之制,与州郡建置相联,属"都督州建官"体制,非统兵作战体制。而南宋以宰执兼都督诸路军马,传谕皇帝调动军队部署的旨意,节制前线诸大将,统一号令,保障军队供给,以便宜行事,属统帅作战体制。

The Area Command existed in both Northern and Southern Song dynasties,and once played a role that could not be neglected in the Jin-Song wars.This designatiori has remarkably different function in the Northern and Southern Song dynasties.In the Northern Song dynasty,it is a nominal title of the prefecture level;and a military agency commanded by the State Councilor to unify the front army.The Area Commands set by the Northern Song court varies from a Superior Area Command,an Ordinary Area Command,and a Lesser Area Command,and the titles are all nominal ones.Under the severe war situation in the early Southern Song dynasty,the Area Command'played the role of supreme military command in the battle zone,and became a regular institution since the Shaoxing reign.Such designation belongs to military operation system.