从“一边倒”到多元化外交——1955-1962年尼泊尔外交政策的转变

From One-side Policy to Diversification of Foreign Relations:The Transition of Nepal's Foreign Policy,1955-1962

1955-1962年是尼泊尔外交转型的关键时期。民族主义情绪浓厚的马亨德拉国王1955年继位后开始奉行多元化的外交路线,同年与中国建交,这一切表明尼泊尔开始偏离向印度"一边倒"的政策,尼印特殊关系局面发生动摇。自1959年中印两国在"西藏问题"和边界问题上的矛盾升级,尼泊尔借机强调自己作为主权国家的身份以及在相关问题上与印度有所不同的立场和观点。从1960年开始,通过高层互访和谈判,中尼两国就边界问题达成谅解,进而签订了边界条约及和平友好条约,中尼关系也日渐升温。与此同时,尼印关系则遇冷停滞。1962年中印边界战争爆发前后成为尼印关系的转折点。为避免卷入战争,尼泊尔在中印争端中坚持中立与不结盟的立场,因此遭到了印度的指责和报复,但却塑造了独立的外交形象,最大限度地维护了国家利益。战败后的印度也意识到尼泊尔战略地位的重要性,从此转变态度,更加平等地对待尼泊尔。

The period from 1955to 1962was critical for the transition of Nepal's foreign policy.The nationalist King Mahendra adopted anew line called diversification of foreign relations after he accessed to the throne in 1955.The establishment of diplomatic relations between China and Nepal happened in the same year.All of these showed that Nepal began to deviate from its one-side policy toward India and Nepal's traditional special relationship with India was shaken.When the conflicts between China and India had escalated since 1959due to the "Tibetan issue"and their dispute over the border line,Nepal,as a sovereign state,showed its independent and different stand and view from that of India about the concerned issues.The agreement about their boundary issue was signed by China and Nepal through high level mutual visits and negotiation in 1960,and soon after they ratified the boundary treaty and the treaty of peace and friendship between the two countries which led to the gradual improvement of Sino-Nepal relations.Meanwhile the Indo-Nepal relations became sluggish.The burst of Sino-Indian War in 1962became the turning point for Nepal-India relations.To avoid involving in the Sino-Indian war,Nepal insisted on its neutral and non-aligned position.Nepal's independent image was built and its national interest was defended as most as possible although Nepal was blamed and retaliated by India for its stand.After defeated militarily by China,India also realized the importance of Nepal's strategic position and its attitude to Nepal has changed since then.That is to say,Nepal has been treated more equally by its southern neighbor ever since.