從水德到木德——前秦建立與權力更迭中的合法性訴求及其運作

The Conversion of virtue From Water to Wood——The Construction of Legality in Establishment of the Former Qin Dynasty

通常認爲前秦繼承前、後趙法統而在五德次序中自居木德。然而苻健建構政權時,極可能自居水德,在五德次序上承西晉而否定前、後趙。苻氏原與前趙相敵對,在短暫歸附的幾年中與其關係亦十分疏離。石虎時期,苻氏雖主動歸附,但在其歷史敍事中,苻氏爲石虎父子所猜忌,缺乏君臣之義。苻氏居木德始自苻堅。苻堅爲解決合法性不足的問題,行"内禪"、造圖讖、重建歷史敍事。苻堅改居木德,改"蒲"爲"苻"以應"艸付應王"圖讖,隱含以木承水的"内禪"之意。前秦建立及苻堅奪權的歷史經由苻堅的敍事重建,形成車頻《秦書》、崔鴻《十六國春秋·前秦錄》以至於《晉書》相關載記的敍述傳統。

It is a usual thought that Fomer Qin inherited its legality in Former Zhao and Later Zhao. In fact, when Fu Jian built Fomer Qin, he regarded Western Jin as the former Dynasty and decided to choose Water as Virtue of his reign. While realized that he lack of legitimacy, Fu Jian regarded his reign as a new one and created public opinion, reconstructed historical narration. Fu Jian changed his family name and changed Dynasty’s Virtue from Water to Wood. Based on Fu Jian^ reconstruction, the narrative of Fomer Qin9s history became a modal to Che Pin^ Qin Shu, Cui Hong9s The spring and Autumn period of the sixteen countries, Book of Jin.