改革开放40年来中国乡村社会的治理变革与秩序建构--基于高柏镇的实地调查与思考

Governance Reform and Order Construction of Chinese Rural Society in the Past 40 Years of Reform and Opening up——Based on the Observation and Thinking of Gaobai Town

改革开放40年中国乡村社会发展变革历程中,受党和国家不同时期对乡村制度安排供给的方式和手段不同之影响,乡村社会不同时期的社会变革形态往往会产生不同的应对性力量和意料之中或之外的一系列后果,进而对地方性乡村社会之秩序维系与建构产生这样那样的不同功效。改革开放初期,乡村社会相对是在一个较为宽松的引导型变革下自主选择性发展的过程,此所型构的20世纪80年代的中国乡村社会的秩序建构和变迁发展呈现出农村家庭的经济功能和社会意义凸显、乡间民众人际交往和社会互动开始多元化、农民的市场观念和经济意识逐步形成、村民生活形态和乡村秩序多样化发展景象。在"乡政村治"时期,乡村社会更多是在国家力量介入干预下的强制性变革,乡村社会的结构体系是由县乡两级党委政府处于绝对的主导性地位,而村民自治组织大多数时间是虚置的,村庄内的内生型组织也是缺失的,导致乡间村庄"自治权威"的退场。新世纪以来,党和国家通过相关制度和政策的顶层设计,以发展计划和目标绩效的方式指导农业与农村的发展,而地方基层党政则通过与乡村社会及其民众协商动员的方式,以提供有效服务和技术性指导,并最终在民众的动员参与中实现国家的政策绩效和地方党政政权的施政主张。

The process of China’s rural social transformation and development in the past 40 years of reform and opening up has been affected by the changes in the replacement of new and old systems. The social transformation patterns in different periods often produce different coping forces and a series of consequences in or outside of expectation. The maintenance and construction of the order of local rural society produces such different effects. In the early stage of reform and opening up,the rural society was relatively self-selectively developed under a relatively loose guided change. The orderly construction and change of China’s rural society in the 1980 s was more diverse. Form and diversification of development. In the period of"village governance and village governance",rural society is more a compulsory change under the intervention of state power. The structural system of rural society is in an absolute dominant position by the county and township party committee governments,while the majority of villagers’ self-governing organizations The time is illusory,and the endogenous organization in the village is also missing,leading to the exit of the"auxiliary power"of the village. Since the new century,the party and the state have guided the development of agriculture and rural areas in the form of development plans and target performance through the top-level design of relevant systems and policies,while local grassroots party and government have mobilized in consultation with rural society and its people. Provide effective services and technical guidance,and ultimately in the mobilization of the people to achieve the country’s policy performance and the governance of the local party and government.