美国宪制中的军政关系:传统与变迁

The Civil-Military Relation in the American Constitutional System:Traditions and Transitions

基于确保国家军事安全与民主制度的稳定性平衡这一目标,在联邦党人的主导下,美国宪法通过立法权与行政权、联邦与州、常备军与民兵等多维度的分权来实现对军事力量的文官控制,构成了美国宪制中军政关系的基本结构。在军事和政治领域的发展变迁中,宪法所设定的静态结构被动态的博弈重构。常备军得到强化,而民兵则从传统的体现共和精神的军事力量转变为实质上的另一种常备军形态,从而重塑了宪法的民兵条款实质意义。行政权在与立法权的博弈过程中得到扩张,建构更为强大也更为完整的军事权力来统帅军事力量,也重塑了宪法的分权条款。当代社会中,军事职业化的发展形态,导致军事精英与文官同质化,更善于从政治层面处理问题;同时,多元社会中的文明冲突,强化了军事行动的政治意义,也推动了社会意识形态的保守主义倾向。这两个因素更进一步导致了军队的政治性加强,突破军政关系的传统结构更多发挥政治影响。正是基于这样的逻辑,特朗普政府表现出美国军政关系发展的新动向,军方对政治的影响得到更突出体现。

Based on the basic goal of ensuring the balance between national military security and the stability of democratic system,under the leadership of the Federalists,the U.S.Constitution established the system of civilian control over military forces.As the basic structure of civil-military relation in the United States constitutional system,there is a multi-dimensional decentralization between the legislative power and executive power,federal and state,standing army and militia.With the development of military and politics, the static constitutional rules structure was changed by a dynamic game.The Standing Army has been strengthened,while the militia has transformed from a traditional military force that embodies the spirit of republic into another form of standing army in essence,thus reshaping the substantive meaning of the militia clause in the Constitution.In the course of the game between the administrative power and the legislative power,the administrative power has been expanded to be a stronger and more complete power to command the military forces,which has also reshaped the decentralization clause of the Constitution.In contemporary society,the development of military professionalism leads to the homogenization of civil servants and military elites,who are better at dealing with political problems.At the same time,the conflict of civilizations in a pluralistic society strengthens the political significance of military action and promotes the conservatism of social ideology.These two factors have further led to strengthened the political character of military force and changed the traditional civil-military relation.It is the reasons why the Trump administration has shown a new tendency in the civil-military relation that the influence of military forces on politics has been more prominent.