国内公法的外部维度:美国地缘宪制的深层逻辑

The External Dimension of Domestic Public Law: The Deep Logic of American Geopolitical Constitution

作为最早的现代成文宪法,《美国宪法》的创制及其日后运作体现了极强的国家内外联动特征。《美国宪法》的设计和运作不仅是依据政治哲学原理和人类理性的一次推理设计,而且更多地包含了在内外地缘政治环境之中的实际考量。从宪法制定的角度来说,美国立宪时处于严重的地缘政治危机之中,《美国宪法》也正是在地缘政治的考量之下制定的:北美十三个州必须紧密联合,才能够抵御外敌、防止内战,而建立宪法是实现紧密联合的必然道路。此种"大共和国"模式对于西方传统共和主义宪制思维具有极大的冲击。从宪法的解释来说,在美国最高法院的一些判决中,地缘政治的因素也成为了重要的考量因素,特别是在涉及联邦国会权力的问题上。无论从创制还是从随后的历史来看,美国的外部条件及其外交战略,深刻影响到美国宪制的运作。而在地缘政治和宪法运作的复杂关系中,美国宪制体系也逐渐呈现出行政权扩张的现象。

Modern constitutionalism cannot be well understood without considering the interaction between domestic law and international politics.Taking the first modern written Constitution as an example, this article illustrates the domestic/international intermixture by tracing out the genealogy of America's geostrategic constitution,that is,the relationship between American eonstitutionalism and external factors, which has been largely underestimated by existing scholarship.It shows that original constitution-making took place in a great geostrategic crisis,and the framers drafted the Constitution with considerable geographical,national-security considerations.The chief aim of the U.S.Constitution was not to protect individual rights,but rather empower the central government that can responded to external threat.In its subsequent operation,geostrategic factors also played a great role in constitutional interpretation and constitutional transformation,especially through the opinions of Chief Justice Marshall.Considerations on external factors sit at the center in the American experiment of republican self-government.But the cost also deserves attention:geostrategic concerns facilitates the expansion of the execntive power.