不同水平蝶泳运动员动作形态分析

Movements Form Analysis on Different Level Butterfly Swimmers

本研究以时间概念为主轴,借由连续性相对相位与手部动作百分比分析方式,观察不同水平蝶泳运动员在不同速度时其手脚协调动作型态的变化。本研究选取国家一级男性运动员(A组)及国家二级男性游泳运动员(B组)各8名,以两台高速数字摄影机同步撷取记录蝶泳一次周期的动作,再通过Kwon3D动作分析系统进行各参数的分析运算,并以肩与膝关节的角度、角速度计算连续性相对相位。结果显示,从宏观的角度来看,在A、B组运动员,3种不同速度中皆具有蝶泳基本协调型态,即手部与腿部动作在不同速度下均有复频(1:2)的关系。研究发现,肩与膝关节相对相位数值在抓水阶段是从反相(约-180°)转变成同相(约50°)、抱水阶段则维持同相(约±50°),最后在推水阶段又转换为反相(约180°),反应在动作上就是在抓、抱、推阶段手臂运动方向为往后方推水,因此肩关节角度持续变小;而腿部则在抓与推阶段向下踢腿,因此膝关节角度变大致使相对相位出现两次反相数值。另外通过动作时序百分比可观察到国家一级蝶泳运动员在调配速度策略上有缩短抓水阶段百分比以提升速度的趋势。本研究结果说明,通过连续性相对相位数值可观察基本蝶泳型态,而手部动作时序百分比可说明速度快慢会影响蝶泳运动员各阶段时间组合的比例。因此建议教练与运动员在蝶泳训练及比赛中应针对不同距离而有不同训练方式。

Took the concept of time as the main axis, this study observed the changes of hand-foot coordination movement patterns of different level butterfly swimmers at different speeds by analyzing the relative phase of continuity and the percentage of hand movements. Eight male athletes of state first-class (group A) and eight male athletes of state second class (group B) were selected in this research and synchronously recorded a movement cycle of butterfly stroke with two high-speed digital cameras. Then the parameters were analyzed by Kwon 3D motion analysis system, and the continuous relative phases were calculated through angle and angular velocity of shoulder and knee joint. From a macro perspective, the results showed that in group A and group B athletes, the basic coordination pattern of butterfly stroke were all observed in three different speeds, which meant that hand and leg movements at different speeds both had a complex frequency (1: 2) relationship. It was also noticed that the relative phases of shoulder and knee joint were changed from inverse phase (about -180°) to in-phase (about 50°) in the water grabbing phase, kept in-phase (about ±50°) in the water holding phase, and then tuned to inverse phase (about 180°) in the water pushing phase. The reaction reflected that the arm movement direction was pushed backwards in the water grabbing, holding and pushing phases, so that the shoulder angle continued to decrease. While the legs kicked down during the water grasping and pushing phases, so that the knee joint angle increased and the opposite values of relative phase appeared twice. In addition, the percentage of movement time sequence could be observed that the national first-class butterfly swimmers had a speed deployment strategy that trended to shorten the percentage of water grabbing stage so as to improve the speed. The study results concluded that the basic pattern of butterfly stroke could be observed by the continuous relative phase value, and the time sequence percentage of hand movement could explain that the speed would affect the time combination proportion of different stages of butterfly swimmers. Therefore, coaches and athletes were suggested to have different training methods for different distances in butterfly training and competitions.