效率与分化:中国城市住房改革40年回顾

Efficiency and Differentiation:A Review of China's 40 Years of Urban Housing Reform

中国城市住房改革40年大体上分为两个阶段:第一阶段是通过货币化手段让单位福利公房私有化;第二个阶段是商品房市场阶段。40年的住房改革较好地实现了效率目标,解决了城市住房的短缺问题,让住房资源步入富足状态。住房制度改革实践在多个方面实现了中国社会理论的创新,印证了"渐进性改革"在效率上的合适性。不过,由于40年的住房改革过度强调住房的商品化与产权、政府对土地出让金的追求、银行货币政策变动以及"渐进改革"本身的缺陷,住房改革过程累积了分化。新时代住房改革制度以"人人住有所居"为目标,需要构建各自独立运行的"商品房体系"与"保障房体系",并且重新激发单位在住房保障体系中的作用。

China's urban housing reform over the past 40 years is roughly divided into two stages.At the first stage,the welfare public housing people obtained from their employers were privatized through monetary means;at the second stage,the commodity housing market was introduced.The 40-year housing reform has achieved the efficiency goal,addressed the shortage of urban housing,and increased housing resources.The practice of housing system reform has realized the innovation of Chinese social theory in many aspects,which is a tribute to the appropriateness of "gradual reform"in terms of efficiency.However,due to over- emphasis on commercialization of housing and property rights,the government's reliance on land transfer fees,changes in the monetary policy and the deficiencies of "gradual reform"itsei~,the housing reform process has reached differentiated outcomes.In the new era,the housing system reform aims to "ensure everyone has access to housing".It is necessary to construct a "commodity housing system"and a "low-income housing system"that operate independently,and re-activate the role of the employers in guaranteeing their employees'housing needs.