职业分割与流动人口户籍歧视的年龄差异

Occupational Segmentation and Huji Discrimination on Rural and Urban Migrants:An Analysis Based on the Age Difference

劳动力市场的歧视问题一直是研究的热点问题,当新生代农民工成为市场主力时,歧视是否也发生了改变?文章利用2016年中国流动人口动态监测调查数据,从职业分割的视角考察了户籍歧视的年龄差异。结果表明,户籍歧视在不同年龄群组间呈现U形特征,这主要缘于职业内同工不同酬的U形变化,职业进入歧视随年龄减小而呈现下降趋势。进一步的机制分析表明,职业内同工不同酬的U形变化源自于城镇流动人口的工资优惠,70后—85后的中生代城镇流动人口获得的职业内工资优惠较小,年龄较大的70前和年龄较小的90后、95后群组获得的工资优惠较大,而城镇流动人口职业进入优惠的年龄趋势也是职业进入歧视随年龄减小而下降的主要原因,整体来看越年轻的城镇流动人口获得的职业进入优惠越小,这表明当前户籍歧视更多地表现为对城镇流动人口的就业优惠。据此,文章建议应注重户籍歧视的年龄差异和形式变化,更多采用竞争性的差异化措施吸引人才,以市场化的手段实现人才的充分流动和社会劳动力资源的优化配置。

Considering the heterogeneity among migrants,this thesis divides migrants into groups by every five years and utilizes China Migrants Dynamic Survey in 2016to examine age-specific issues regard- ing huji discrimination from the perspective of occupational segregation.According to the study,a U-shaped characteristic of huji discrimination among different age groups has been detected,with rural migrants born" between 1970 and 1989 suffering the least degree of huji discrimination,and those born before 1970 and after 1990 suffering the worst.An analysis ofhuji discrimination has revealed that the U-shaped characteristic has mainly stemmed from U-shaped shifts of unequal pay for equal work,with rural migrants born between 1970 and 1989 suffering the least degree,and those born before 1970 and after 1990 suffering the worst.And occupation entry discrimination decreases significantly as the workforce gets younger,which means the younger the rural migrants are,the less occupation entry discrimination they face. The further mechanism analysis shows that the U-shaped characteristic of unequal pay for equal work within occupations is from the wage preference of urban migrants,with urban migrants born between 1970 and 1989 receiving less wage preference,and those born before 1970 and after 1990 receiving more.Although the phenomenon of wage penalty imposed on rural migrants still exists,its impact is relatively small from the view of numerical value and there is no manifest trend in age.Occupation entry discrimination is mainly expressed by occupation entry preference of urban migrants,and the declining trend of occupation entry discrimination also originates from the downward trend of occupation entry preference of urban migrants.Overall,the younger the urban migrants are,the less occupation entry preference will be.Also,there is no direct occupation entry discrimination against rural migrants in the urban labor market.Occupation entry penalties are all negative in different age groups.Although occupation entry penalties for rural migrants fluctuate in different age groups, they differ not much. In the further discussion,it finds that occupation entry preference to urban migrants is mainly reflected in the fact that the proportion of white-collar occupations is higher than that of non-discrimination.The declining occupation entry preference to urban migrants also stems from the declining entry preference of white-collar occupations along with the age increasing.The results of the paper show that the current huji discrimination is more manifested as employment preference for urban migrants.The policy implications are:we should pay attention to the age difference and the form change of huji discrimination,adopt more competitive differentiation measures to attract talents,and achieve the full flow of talents and the optimal allocation of social labor resources through marketization.