从“贫僧”“贫道”名称的变化看中国佛道关系的演变

The Evolution of the Relationship between Buddhism and Taoism from the Change in Appellations of “Pinseng” and “Pindao”

本文利用文献学和历史学方法考查"贫道""贫僧"作为佛教、道教出家人谦称的由来与演变。佛教初入中国,依附道家与道教取得初步发展,自称"佛道",佛教出家人自认为道士、道人。"贫道"的产生是僧人礼敬君王的需要,是佛教适应中国礼仪文化而创造的谦称。至宋代之前,"贫道"是佛、道二教共用的谦称。元代佛、道二教斗争激烈,僧人以"贫僧"自称以区别于道士,试图消除初传时依附老子的痕迹和不利影响。元代之后,道、佛二教在称谓上分别保留下来,"贫道"与"贫僧"谦称的演变反映了佛、道二教关系在不同时代的变化。

This paper researches the origin and evolution of "Pinseng"and "Pindao"as modest appellation of Buddhism and Taoism.When Buddhism first entered China,it developed by relying on Taoism and Taoists,and Buddhist monks believed themselves as Taoists.The emergence of the "Pindao"is the need for monks to show obedience to the emperor.Therefore,before the Song Dynasty,the "Pindao"had been a modest appellation used by both of Buddhas and Taoism.The struggle between Buddhism and Taoism was fierce in the Yuan Dynasty.After that,monks began to use "Pinseng"in order to distinguish themselves from Taoists,trying to eliminate the traces and adverse effects of attaching to Lao Tzu when they originally developed.After Yuan Dynasty,the difference of appellations of Taoism and Buddhism were retained respectively.The evolution of the appellations of "Pindao"and "Pinseng"reflected the changes of the relationship between Buddhism and Taoism during the historical periods.