清代雍乾年间湘西官庙祭祀音乐与巫觋乐人制度

Sacrifice Music and Wiccan People's System of Xiangxi Temple in Yongqian Period of the Qing Dynasty

自古以来,湘西地区巫风犹盛,人们一直崇尚巫祭淫祀,保留着较多原始巫祀的仪式。巫觋乐人是湘西历史上以演绎祭祀歌舞为职业的群体。清代雍乾时期,湘西巫觋乐人制度对湘西官庙祭祀音乐产生了巨大的影响。根据文献记载,湘西官庙祭祀音乐早在战国时期已经形成雏形,并一直延续至清代雍乾时期。清雍乾年间,清王朝在湘西重新修缮官庙,继续实行巫覡乐人制度,主要是为了贯彻"以庙治民、以庙治蛮"的教化主张,从而达到加强对湘西少数民族统治的目的。湘西巫觋乐人制度的延续实施与官庙祭祀礼仪重新建立后,中央王朝对巫觋乐人和官庙祭祀进行了系统的规范,特别是对巫觋乐人以及官庙中的音乐舞蹈活动进行了严格规范。

Since the ancient times, in Xiangxi region, Voodoo has been worshipped, and the legacy of more primitive voodoo worship has been preserved. The witch musician was a group with performing deductive sacrifice song and dance as a profession in the history of Xiangxi, it had a long history as a household registration system. In the Qing Dynasty, the continuation of the Wicca Xue music system in the west of Hunan exerted a great influence on the sacred music of the official temple in the west of Hunan. According to the documents, the sacred music of Xiangxi official temple was formed as early as the Warring States period, and continued into the Yongqian period. During the Qing Dynasty, the restoration of the official temple and the continuation of the Voodoo People's system in Xiangxi were mainly aimed at implementing the enlightenment idea of “ruling the people by the temple, ruling the ethnic groups by the temple”,so as to strengthen the rule of the minority nationalities in Xiangxi. After the continuation of the system and the establishment of ritual in the official temple, the Central Dynasty carried out a systematic standard of ritual in the Voodoo Temple, especially the music and dance activities in the Voodoo temple.